Full bibliography

Te Aho, F. (2017). The UN Special Procedures and Indigenous Peoples’ Rights. In A. Erueti (Ed.), International Indigenous Rights in Aotearoa New Zealand (pp. 99–117). Wellington New Zealand : Victoria University Press.

In Aotearoa New Zealand the ways in which indigenous claims to lands and waters are addressed are often looked to as good, or even best, practice by indigenous peoples around the world. While things are far from perfect, in recent decades Maori have succeeded in changing perceptions about the Treaty of Waitangi as the foundation of the nation, and work steadily continues on settling outstanding Treaty claims. The resulting Treaty of Waitangi settlements are negotiated arrangements which aim to remove a sense of historical grievance and achieve significant rebuilding of the Maori economy. They are seen by some as dynamic and powerful steps towards economic independence, as a means of recognising special relationships to lands and waters, and a necessary prerequisite to improved relationships between the state and the indigenous Maori in the future. ¹ Critics see the settlements and the processes followed to reach them as too heavily weighted in the government's favour. ² They argue that the settlements do not sufficiently compensate for actual losses. They are said to pit Maori against Maori. Diverse claimant groups are effectively forced to negotiate within standardised and fixed parameters. For these and other reasons, the settlement agreements, policies and processes have been labelled as divisive and compromising self-determination.

Durie, M. (1999). Maori Development: Reflections and Strategic Directions. He Pukenga Kōrero: A Journal of Māori Studies, 5(1), 4–11.

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Comrie, M., Gillies, A., & Day, M. (2002). The Maori Electoral Option Campaign: Problems of Measuring “Success.” Political Science, 54(2), 45–57. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/003231870205400203

The latest Maori Electoral Option (MEO) resulted in a seventh Maori seat in Parliament contested in the recent election. Over a four-month period in 2001, 18,738 Maori exercised their Option to shift electoral rolls - three-quarters of them moving from the General roll to the Maori roll. This paper looks at the latest Option and its effectiveness as a communication campaign. The MEO is controversial because many New Zealanders are divided about the democratic fairness of separate Maori seats. The spectre of a dozen Maori electorates, if all Maori join the Maori roll, is unnerving to opponents who concentrate their fire upon the cost and conduct of the campaign. The MEO challenges traditional assumptions about objective political communication. The Option pioneered a systemized method of kanohi ki te kanohi (face-to-face) communication. Developed by Maori for Maori, the model has been used in other government communication campaigns but remains controversial because of the lack of centralised control over the delivered message and the difficulty of measuring the campaign’s success. This paper explores the issues surrounding its methods and effectiveness.

Fitzgerald, E., Stevenson, B., & Tapiata, J. (2007). Māori Electoral Participation: A Report Produced for the Electoral Commission.

Curtin, J., & Greaves, L. (2020). Gender, Populism and Jacinda Ardern. In J. Vowles & J. Curtin (Eds.), A Populist Exception? : The 2017 New Zealand General Election. ANU Press. https://doi.org/10.22459/PE.2020

Sullivan, A., & Vowles, J. (1998). Realignment? Maori and the 1996 Election. In J. Vowles, P. Aimer, S. Banducci, & J. Karp (Eds.), Voters’ victory? : New Zealand’s first election under proportional representation. Auckland University Press.

Sullivan, A., & Margaritis, D. (2002). Coming Home? Māori Voting in 1999. In J. Vowles, P. Aimer, J. Karp, S. Banducci, R. Miller, & A. Sullivan (Eds.), Proportional representation on trial. Auckland University Press.

Vowles, J., Aimer, P., Karp, J., Banducci, S., Miller, R., & Sullivan, A. (Eds.). (2002). Proportional representation on trial. Auckland University Press.

Curtin, Jennifer., Greaves, Lara., & Vowles, J. (2024). A “Team of Five Million”?: Covid-19 and the 2020 New Zealand General Election. In J. Curtin, L. Greaves, & J. Vowles (Eds.), A Team of Five Million? : The 2020 “Covid-19” New Zealand General Election. (First edition., pp. 1–36). ANU Press.

Curtin, Jennifer., Woodman, V. K. G., & Greaves, L. (2024). Gendering Leadership and Policy during Covid-19: Jacinda Ardern and the Women’s Vote. In J. Curtin, L. Greaves, & J. Vowles (Eds.), A Team of Five Million? : The 2020 “Covid-19” New Zealand General Election. (First edition.). ANU Press.

Curtin, Jennifer., Greaves, Lara., & Vowles, J. (2024). The Disappearing “Team of Five Million”?: The Road to the 2023 Election. In J. Curtin, L. Greaves, & J. Vowles (Eds.), A Team of Five Million? : The 2020 “Covid-19” New Zealand General Election. (First edition.). ANU Press.

Curtin, Jennifer., Greaves, Lara., & Vowles, J. (Eds.). (2024). A Team of Five Million? : The 2020 “Covid-19” New Zealand General Election (First edition.). ANU Press.

New Zealand was one of a handful of countries that held a national election in the midst of the Covid-19 pandemic.

Sullivan, A. (2003). Māori Affairs and Public Policy. In R. Miller (Ed.), New Zealand government and politics (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.

Durie, M. (2003). Mana Māori Motuhake: The State of the Māori Nation. In R. Miller (Ed.), New Zealand government and politics (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.