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This research focuses on the period 1830 to 1992 and is a descriptive account as well as an analysis of Ngati Piritai interaction with Pakeha over that time. This thesis details a history of struggle for control over the legitimacy and validity of the Ngati Piritai cultural imperative within a social context characterised by dominant Pakeha and subordinate Maori relations. It draws upon a range of sources and brings together the experiences of an historical sampling of Ngati Piritai whanau members covering a six generation framework of Maori - Pakeha interactions. An examination of Pakeha efforts to establish hegemonies of colonisation over Maori through educational indices is made using the critical frameworks of educational theorists such as Giroux, Bernstein, Bourdieu, Gibson, Apple, Marcuse, Shuker, and Dale. Conversely Maori efforts to maintain their cultural identity and their culture, 'per se', through counter hegemonic processes such as the control over educational frameworks are also examined. For example the control over knowledge and how such control relates to enhancing social mobility, attaining outcomes of social justice, and delivering more equitable educational outcomes are also explored. A major argument is that Maori - Pakeha inter-relations can be more clearly understood through a critical appreciation of the fundamental opposition; a Pakeha imperative for cultural dominance: assimilation on the one hand, and a Maori imperative for cultural recognition: survival, on the other. Of significance are the ways in which the dialectic between these fundamental oppositions are mediated and transformed by Ngati Piritai as they live out their lives in a societal context of contested power relations.
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In the heart of the North Island of New Zealand lies a mountainous terrain called Te Urewera, the spiritual homeland of the Tϋhoe people. Hidden away in the southern portion of Te Urewera is Waikaremoana, a lake and a land with a history and tradition that are as fascinating as they are controversial. Waikaremoana is the 'tūrangawaewae' of the Ngāti Ruapani section of Tūhoe, and it is they and their lands that are the key focus of this M.A thesis. This thesis deals essentially with the concept of land ownership or mana whenua. It analyses the relationship between customary and colonial concepts of mana whenua in the Waikaremoana district, and examines the conflicting nature of these two different cultural concepts of the land and its history. In many ways this dissertation is unique, as it is a tribal history written by tangata whenua for tangata whenua. It allows today's tangata whenua to see their history through their predecessor's eyes and reawakens the past struggles of their ancestors. It gives tangata whenua a sense of dignity and pride in their heritage and traditions that give them their identity. 'Ko te uri o Tūhoe, moumou kai, moumou tāonga, moumou tangata ki te pō!'
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